<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mgssuvest</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник МГСУ</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vestnik MGSU</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1997-0935</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2304-6600</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (National Research University) (MGSU)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22227/1997-0935.2024.7.1161-1172</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mgssuvest-314</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Инженерные системы в строительстве</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Engineering systems in construction</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Роль сопротивления теплопередаче окна в формировании результирующей температуры на границе обслуживаемой зоны помещения</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The role of heat transfer resistance of a window in formation of resulting temperature at the boundary of habitable space in a room</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5832-8530</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Малявина</surname><given-names>Е. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Malyavina</surname><given-names>E. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Елена Георгиевна Малявина — кандидат технических наук, профессор кафедры теплогазоснабжения и вентиляции</p><p>129337, г. Москва, Ярославское шоссе, д. 26</p><p>РИНЦ AuthorID: 636414, Scopus: 56646619900, ResearcherID: ABC-7206-2021</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena G. Malyavina — Candidate of Technical Sciences, Professor, Professor of the Department of Heat and Gas Supply and Ventilation</p><p>26 Yaroslavskoe shosse, Moscow, 129337</p><p>RSCI AuthorID: 636414, Scopus: 56646619900, ResearcherID: ABC-7206-2021</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">emal@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9302-907X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ландырев</surname><given-names>С. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Landyrev</surname><given-names>S. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сергей Сергеевич Ландырев — аспирант кафедры теплогазоснабжения и вентиляции</p><p>129337, г. Москва, Ярославское шоссе, д. 26</p><p>РИНЦ ID: 878594</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey S. Landyrev — postgraduate student of the Department of Heat and Gas Supply and Ventilation</p><p>26 Yaroslavskoe shosse, Moscow, 129337</p><p>RSCI AuthorID: 878594</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lanserser@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский Московский государственный строительный университет (НИУ МГСУ)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (National Research University) (MGSU)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>7</issue><fpage>1161</fpage><lpage>1172</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Малявина Е.Г., Ландырев С.С., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Малявина Е.Г., Ландырев С.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Malyavina E.G., Landyrev S.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vestnikmgsu.ru/jour/article/view/314">https://www.vestnikmgsu.ru/jour/article/view/314</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Действующим нормативным документом требуемые сопротивления теплопередаче наружных ограждающих конструкций назначаются в зависимости от функционального назначения здания, конструкции и числа градусо-суток отопительного периода. Такая методика применяется ко всем наружным ограждающим конструкциям, в том числе и к окнам. Однако окна имеют сопротивление теплопередаче значительно ниже, чем массивные ограждения. Поэтому окна в большей степени, чем массивные ограждающие конструкции, влияют на формирование результирующей температуры на границе обслуживаемой зоны помещения.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Более низкая результирующая температура на границе обслуживаемой зоны помещения формируется при наиболее низкой температуре наружного воздуха, т.е. при расчетной температуре наиболее холодной пятидневки. Выяснено, что в такие периоды нормы результирующей температуры часто не выполняются. Приведена линия регрессии с помощью метода наименьших квадратов, описывающая связь между t592 и ГСОП для помещений ясельных и младших групп детских дошкольных учреждений в 30 городах РФ. Часть точек лежит ниже тренда. Именно для таких городов предлагается в процедуре нормирования сопротивления теплопередаче окна учитывать не только ГСОП, но и  t592.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Определены результирующие температуры на границе обслуживаемой зоны помещений, которые показали, что оптимальные требования к результирующей температуре не выполняются никогда, а допустимые удовлетворяются при всех сопротивлениях теплопередаче окон и наружных стен, даже при нормируемых. Что касается локальной асимметрии результирующей температуры, то ее нормы удовлетворяются тоже всегда. Рассчитаны значения сопротивления теплопередаче окон, при которых удовлетворяются оптимальные результирующие температуры на границе обслуживаемой зоны помещений ясельных и младших групп детских дошкольных учреждений при сохранении базовых значений сопротивлений теплопередаче наружных стен. Значения сопротивления теплопередаче окон в большинстве случаев значительно превышают максимальное значение, принятое в СП 50.13330.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Если выбор большой ширины окна диктуется только эстетическими причинами, следует применять окна с большим чем 0,8 м2∙°С/Вт сопротивлением теплопередаче, несмотря на более высокую стоимость окна.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. According to current regulations, values of required heat transfer resistance of external enclosing structures must comply with the purpose of a building, a structure itself and the number of degree days in a heating period. This technique applies to all external enclosing structures, including windows. However, windows have greatly lower heat transfer resistance than solid envelopes. Therefore, windows have a greater effect on temperature than solid envelopes at the boundary of habitable space in a room.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The resulting temperature at the boundary of habitable space is lowest when outdoor temperature is lowest, or when temperature is lowest for five days in a raw. It has been found out that during such periods standards of resulting temperature are not met. A regression curve, made using the least squares method, is presented; it describes the relationship between t592 and the heating season degree-day (HSDD) for nursery and junior groups of preschool institutions in 30 cities of the Russian Federation. Some points are below the trendline. It is for such cities that it is proposed to take into account not only the HSDD, but also t592 when standards are set for resistance of windows to heat transfer.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Resulting temperatures at the boundary of habitable space in a room are determined. They show that optimal requirements for resulting temperature are never met, while acceptable requirements are met for all values of heat transfer resistance of windows and exterior walls, even if resistance to heat transfer is normalized. As for the local asymmetry of resulting temperature, its standards are also met at all times. Values of resistance of windows to heat transfer are calculated to find those that correspond to optimal resulting temperatures at the boundary of habitable areas of rooms for nursery and junior groups at preschool institutions if basic values of resistance of exterior walls to heat transfer remain unchanged. In a large number of cases, values of resistance of windows to heat transfer greatly exceed the maximum value set by Construction Regulations 50.13330.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. If the choice of a large value of window width is only explained by aesthetic reasons, the window’s resistance to heat transfer must exceed 0.8 m2∙°С/W, despite higher costs of such windows.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>число гадусо-суток отопительного периода</kwd><kwd>расчетная температура наиболее холодной пяти-дневки</kwd><kwd>функциональное назначение здания</kwd><kwd>расчет</kwd><kwd>температура внутренних поверхностей в помещении</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>number of degree-days in a heating period</kwd><kwd>design temperature of the coldest five-day period</kwd><kwd>purpose of a building</kwd><kwd>calculation</kwd><kwd>temperature of internal surfaces in a room</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Борисов К.Б. О новых требованиях энергоэффективности зданий. Проект приказа Минстроя России. Ч. 1. Положительные и отрицательные аспекты // Энергосбережение. 2022. № 7. С. 36–41. EDN GXWULG.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borisov K.B. On the new requirements for the energy efficiency of buildings. Draft order of the Ministry of Construction of Russia. Part 1. Positive and negative aspects. Energosberezhenie. 2022; 7:36-41. EDN GXWULG. (rus.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Горшков А.С. Теплотехнические характеристики ограждающих конструкций зданий. Ч. 2. Российские принципы нормирования // Энергосбережение. 2017. № 8. С. 33–39. EDN ZUGGLV.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gorshkov A.S. Thermal characteristics of the enclosing structures of buildings. Part 2. Russian principles of rationing. Energosberezhenie. 2017; 8:33-39. EDN ZUGGLV. (rus.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Генералова Е.М. Роль фасадных систем в борьбе за энергоэффективность // АВОК: Вентиляция, отопление, кондиционирование воздуха, теплоснабжение и строительная теплофизика. 2017. № 8. C. 48–53. EDN ZVHVQJ.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Generalova E.M. The role of facade systems in the struggle for energy efficiency. AVOK: Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning, District Heating, Building Physics Journal. 2017; 8:48-53. EDN ZVHVQJ. (rus.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Окунев А.Ю. Оптимизация утепления наружных стен на примере частных жилых домов // Вестник Томского государственного архитектурно-строительного университета. 2019. Т. 21. № 1. С. 126–139. DOI: 10.31675/1607-1859-2019-21-1-126-139. EDN VUHEQK.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Okunev A.Yu. Optimization of external wall insulation in private buildings. Journal of Construction and Architecture. 2019; 21(1):126-139. DOI: 10.31675/1607-1859-2019-21-1-126-139. EDN VUHEQK. (rus.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yelisetti S., Saini V.K., Kumar R., Lamba R., Saxena A. Optimal energy management system for residential buildings considering the time of use price with swarm intelligence algorithms // Journal of Building Engineering. 2022. Vol. 59. P. 105062. DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105062</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yelisetti S., Saini V.K., Kumar R., Lamba R., Saxena A. Optimal energy management system for residential buildings considering the time of use price with swarm intelligence algorithms. Journal of Building Engineering. 2022; 59:105062. DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105062</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lu J., Xue Y., Wang Z., Fan Y. Optimized mitigation of heat loss by avoiding wall-to-floor thermal bridges in reinforced concrete buildings // Journal of Building Engineering. 2020. Vol. 30. P. 101214. DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101214</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lu J., Xue Y., Wang Z., Fan Y. Optimized mitigation of heat loss by avoiding wall-to-floor thermal bridges in reinforced concrete buildings. Journal of Building Engineering. 2020; 30:101214. DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101214</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кочев А.Г., Соколов М.М., Кочева Е.А., Федотов A.A. Практическое использование альтернативных энергетических ресурсов в православных храмах // Известия высших учебных заведений. Строительство. 2019. № 7 (727). С. 78–85. DOI: 10.32683/0536-1052-2019-727-7-78-85. EDN PGDICY.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kochev A.G., Sokolov M.M., Kocheva E.A., Fedotov A.A. Practical use of alternative energy resources in orthodox temples. News of Higher Educational Institutions. Construction. 2019; 7(727):78-85. DOI: 10.32683/0536-1052-2019-727-7-78-85. EDN PGDICY. (rus.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Старкова Л.Г., Морева Ю.А., Новоселова Ю.Н. Оптимизация микроклимата в православном храме методом числового моделирования воздушных потоков // Вестник Южно-Уральского государственного университета. Серия: Строительство и архитектура. 2018. Т. 18. № 3. С. 53–59. DOI: 10.14529/build180308. EDN XYKLOX.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Starkova L.G., Moreva Yu.A., Novoselova Yu.N. Optimization of microclimate in an orthodox church by numerical simulation of air flow. Bulletin of SUSU. Series “Construction Engineering and Architecture”. 2018; 18(3):53-59. DOI: 10.14529/build180308. EDN XYKLOX. (rus.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karpenko A.V., Petrova I.Yu. The conceptual model of neuro-fuzzy regulation of the microclimate in the room // IFAC-PapersOnLine. 2018. Vol. 51. Issue 30. Pp. 636–640. DOI: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2018.11.229</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karpenko A.V., Petrova I.Yu. The conceptual model of neuro-fuzzy regulation of the microclimate in the room. IFAC-PapersOnLine. 2018; 51(30):636-640. DOI: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2018.11.229</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Teitelbaum E., Meggers F. Expanded psychrometric landscapes for radiant cooling and natural ventilation system design and optimization // Energy Procedia. 2017. Vol. 122. Pp. 1129–1134. DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.07.436</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Teitelbaum E., Meggers F. Expanded psychrometric landscapes for radiant cooling and natural ventilation system design and optimization. Energy Procedia. 2017; 122:1129-1134. DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.07.436</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malz S., Steininger P., Dawoud B., Krenkel W., Steffens O. On the development of a building insulation using air layers with highly reflective interfaces // Energy and Buildings. 2021. Vol. 236. P. 110779. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.110779</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malz S., Steininger P., Dawoud B., Krenkel W., Steffens O. On the development of a building insulation using air layers with highly reflective interfaces. Energy and Buildings. 2021; 236:110779. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.110779</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Малявина Е.Г., Ландырев С.С. Зависимость параметров микроклимата на границе обслуживаемой зоны помещения от размеров окна // Жилищное строительство. 2022. № 8. С. 44–52. DOI: 10.31659/0044-4472-2022-8-44-52. EDN DXSVPP.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malyavina E.G., Landyrev S.S. Dependence of the microclimate parameters at the boundary of the room serviced area on the size of the window. Housing Construction. 2022; 8:44-52. DOI: 10.31659/0044-4472-2022-8-44-52 EDN DXSVPP. (rus.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Санкина Ю.Н., Рябова Т.В., Сулин А.Б., Деими-Даштбаяз М., Лысёв В.И. Обоснование параметра результирующей комфортной температуры // Вестник Международной академии холода. 2021. № 1. С. 28–33. DOI: 10.17586/1606-4313-2021-20-1-28-33. EDN AQIQIY.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sankina Iu.N., Ryabova T.V., Sulin A.B., Deymi-Dashtebayaz M., Lysev V.I. Justification of the resulting comfortable temperature parameter. Journal of International Academy of Refrigeration. 2021; 1:28-33. DOI: 10.17586/1606-4313-2021-20-1-28-33. EDN AQIQIY. (rus.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Luca F., Naboni E., Lobaccaro G. Tall buildings cluster form rationalization in a Nordic climate by factoring in indoor-outdoor comfort and energy // Energy and Buildings. 2021. Vol. 238. P. 110831. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.110831</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Luca F., Naboni E., Lobaccaro G. Tall buildings cluster form rationalization in a Nordic climate by factoring in indoor-outdoor comfort and energy. Energy and Buildings. 2021; 238:110831. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.110831</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Teitelbaum E., Meggers F. Expanded psychrometric landscapes for radiant cooling and natural ventilation system design and optimization // Energy Procedia. 2017. Vol. 122. Pp. 1129–1134. DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.07.436</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Teitelbaum E., Meggers F. Expanded psychrometric landscapes for radiant cooling and natural ventilation system design and optimization. Energy Procedia. 2017; 122:1129-1134. DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.07.436</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cannistraro M., Trancossi M. Enhancement of indoor comfort in the presence of large glazed radiant surfaces by a local heat pump system based on Peltier cells // Thermal Science and Engineering Progress. 2019. Vol. 14. P. 100388. DOI: 10.1016/j.tsep.2019.100388</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cannistraro M., Trancossi M. Enhancement of indoor comfort in the presence of large glazed radiant surfaces by a local heat pump system based on Peltier cells. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress. 2019; 14:100388. DOI: 10.1016/j.tsep.2019.100388</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang S., Zhu N., Lv S. Human response and productivity in hot environments with directed thermal radiation // Building and Environment. 2021. Vol. 187. P. 107408. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107408</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang S., Zhu N., Lv S. Human response and productivity in hot environments with directed thermal radiation. Building and Environment. 2021; 187:107408. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107408</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Forouzandeh A. Prediction of surface temperature of building surrounding envelopes using holistic microclimate ENVI-met model // Sustainable Cities and Society. 2021. Vol. 70. P. 102878. DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2021.102878</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Forouzandeh A. Prediction of surface temperature of building surrounding envelopes using holistic microclimate ENVI-met model. Sustainable Ci-ties and Society. 2021; 70:102878. DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2021.102878</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Frolova A.A., Landyrev S.S. Microclimate parameters evaluation for spaces with windows of different thermal protection // Light &amp; Engineering. 2021. Vol. 29. Issue 5. Pp. 61–67. DOI: 10.33383/2021-078</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Frolova A.A., Landyrev S.S. Microclimate parameters evaluation for spaces with windows of different thermal protection. Light &amp; Engineering. 2021; 29(5):61-67. DOI: 10.33383/2021-078</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang L., Yu X., Lv Q., Cao F., Wang X. Study of transient indoor temperature for a HVAC room using a modified CFD method // Energy Procedia. 2019. Vol. 160. Pp. 420–427. DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.176</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang L., Yu X., Lv Q., Cao F., Wang X. Study of transient indoor temperature for a HVAC room using a modified CFD method. Energy Procedia. 2019; 160:420-427. DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.176</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
