<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mgssuvest</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник МГСУ</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vestnik MGSU</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1997-0935</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2304-6600</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (National Research University) (MGSU)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22227/1997-0935.2024.11.1779-1788</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mgssuvest-429</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Инженерные системы в строительстве</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Engineering systems in construction</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Эмиссия СО2 при работе автономных водяных систем теплоснабжения</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>CO2 emissions during the operation of autonomous water heating systems</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7457-6948</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Торопов</surname><given-names>А. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Toropov</surname><given-names>A. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алексей Леонидович Торопов — кандидат технических наук, генеральный директор — главный конструктор</p><p>105122, г. Москва, Щелковское шоссе, д. 13</p><p>РИНЦ AuthorID: 1030472, Scopus: 58406665800</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexey L. Toropov — Candidate of Technical Sciences, General Director — Chief Designer</p><p>13 Schelkovskoe shosse, Moscow, 105122</p><p>RSCI AuthorID: 1030472, Scopus: 58406665800</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Toropov@aprilgroup.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Инженерный центр «Апрель» (ИЦ «Апрель»)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Engineering Center “April”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>11</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>11</issue><fpage>1779</fpage><lpage>1788</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Торопов А.Л., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Торопов А.Л.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Toropov A.L.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vestnikmgsu.ru/jour/article/view/429">https://www.vestnikmgsu.ru/jour/article/view/429</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Эмиссия СО2 при работе тепловых генераторов автономных систем теплоснабжения — один из важнейших показателей техногенного воздействия на атмосферу Земли. Генерация тепла выполняется тепловыми насосами (ТН), газовыми и электрическими котлами, системами на твердом и жидком углеводородном топливе. Цель исследования — оценка показателя эмиссии СО2 на киловатт тепловой энергии указанных генераторов систем теплоснабжения при реальной энергетической эффективности работы тепловых генераторов (ТГ) систем теплоснабжения с отопительными приборами радиаторного типа.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Используются официальные сведения Росстата РФ, доклады министерств энергетики, экономического развития, действующие ГОСТы и нормативные документы. При расчете коэффициентов энергетической эффективности ТГ автономных систем теплоснабжения применялись экспериментальные данные. Расчеты проводились методами математического моделирования.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Определены значения эмиссии СО2 на киловатт тепловой энергии для автономных систем водяного теплоснабжения при генерации тепловой энергии ТН (воздух–вода) (ASHP), газовыми конденсационными и конвекционными котлами, котлами на твердом и жидком топливе.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Оценка эмиссии СО2 тепловых генераторов автономного водяного теплоснабжения показала зависимость от структуры производства и транспортировки электрической энергии, климата и используемых отопительных приборов. Все указанные параметры отличаются для разных стран. При анализе данных по конкретным странам минимальный углеродный след имеют разные тепловые агрегаты.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. CO2 emissions during the operation of heat generators of autonomous heat supply systems is one of the most important indicators of the man-made impact on the Earth’s atmosphere. Heat generation is carried out by heat pumps, gas and electric boilers, solid and liquid hydrocarbon fuel systems. The purpose of the work — Assessment of the CO2 emission indicator per kilowatt of heat energy of the specified generators of heat supply systems with real energy efficiency of heat generators of heat supply systems with radiator-type heating devices.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. Official data of the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation, reports of the Ministry of Energy, the Ministry of Economic Development, current GOST and regulatory documents are used. Experimental data were used to calculate the energy efficiency coefficients of heat generators of autonomous heat supply systems. The calculations were carried out by methods of mathematical modelling.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The values of CO2 emissions per kilowatt of heat energy for autonomous water heating systems in the generation of heat energy by heat pumps (ASHP), gas condensing and convection boilers, solid and liquid fuel boilers were determined.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. The assessment of CO2 emissions of heat generators of autonomous water heat supply showed dependence on the structure of production and transportation of electric energy, climate and heating devices used. All of these parameters are different for different countries. When analyzing country-specific data, different thermal units have minimal carbon footprint.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>углеродный след</kwd><kwd>углеродоемкость</kwd><kwd>эмиссия СО2</kwd><kwd>тепловой насос</kwd><kwd>газовый котел</kwd><kwd>электрический котел</kwd><kwd>гибридный тепловой насос</kwd><kwd>энергетическая эффективность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>carbon footprint</kwd><kwd>carbon intensity</kwd><kwd>CO2 emissions</kwd><kwd>heat pump</kwd><kwd>gas boiler</kwd><kwd>electric boiler</kwd><kwd>hybrid heat pump</kwd><kwd>energy efficiency</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Автор благодарит рецензентов за замечания по стилю изложения и научно-технической сути, способствующие более глубокому раскрытию темы научной работы.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The author thanks the reviewers for their comments, both in terms of the style of presentation and the scientific and technical essence, which contribute to a deeper disclosure of the topic of scientific work.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гимади В., Амирагян А., Поминова И., Курдин А., Колобов О., Мартынюк А. и др. Углеродоемкость электроэнергии в мире и России // Энергетический бюллетень. 2019. № 72. С. 82–85.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gimadi V., Amiryagyan A., Pominova I., Kurdin A., Kolobov O., Martynyuk A. et al. Carbon intensity of electricity in the world and Russia. Energy Bulletin. 2019; 72:82-85. (rus.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Белобородов С.С. Cнижения эмиссии СО2: развитие когенерации или строительство ВИЭ? // Энергосовет. 2018. № 1 (51). С. 16–25.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beloborodov S.S. Reducing CO2 emissions: development of cogeneration or construction of renewable energy sources? Energy Council. 2018; 1(51):16-25. (rus.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hussy С., Klaassen E., Koornneef J., Wigand F. International comparison of fossil power efficiency and CO2 intensity — Update 2014. Netherlands : ECOFYS, 2014. 84 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hussy С., Klaassen E., Koornneef J., Wigand F. International comparison of fossil power efficiency and CO2 intensity — Update 2014. Netherlands, ECOFYS, 2014; 84.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Киселёв Г.Ю., Троценко В.М., Петрова Е.В., Криволапов В.А., Гиршин С.С., Бубенчиков А.А. и др. Потери электрической энергии в электрических сетях // Омский научный вестник. 2023. № 1 (185). С. 80–85. DOI: 10.25206/1813-8225-2023-185-80-85. EDN TIXXEB.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kiselyov G.Yu., Trotsenko V.M., Petrova E.V., Krivolapov V.A., Girshin S.S., Bubenchikov A.A. et al. Losses of electrical energy in electrical networks. Omsk Scientific Bulletin. 2023; 1(185):80-85. DOI: 10.25206/1813-8225-2023-185-80-85. EDN TIXXEB. (rus.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шведов Г.В., Сипачева О.В., Савченко О.В. Потери электроэнергии при ее транспорте по электрическим сетям: расчет, анализ, нормирование и снижение. М. : Издательский дом «МЭИ», 2013. 424 с. EDN SUOPLV.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shvedov G.V., Sipacheva O.V., Savchenko O.V. Electricity losses during its transport through electrical networks: calculation, analysis, rationing and reduction. Moscow, Publishing House “MPEI”, 2013; 424. EDN SUOPLV. (rus.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vadiee A., Dodoo A., Jalilzadehazhari E. Heat supply comparison in a single-family house with radiator and floor heating systems // Buildings. 2019. Vol. 10. Issue 1. P. 5. DOI: 10.3390/buildings10010005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vadiee A., Dodoo A., Jalilzadehazhari E. Heat supply comparison in a single-family house with radiator and floor heating systems. Buildings. 2019; 10(1):5. DOI: 10.3390/buildings10010005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sarbu I., Sebarchievici C. A study of the performances of low-temperature heating systems // Energy Efficiency. 2014. Vol. 8. Issue 3. Рр. 609–627. DOI: 10.1007/s12053-014-9312-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sarbu I., Sebarchievici C. A study of the performances of low-temperature heating systems. Energy Efficiency. 2014; 8(3):609-627. DOI: 10.1007/s12053-014-9312-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sarbu I., Sebarchievici C. Performance evaluation of radiator and radiant floor heating systems for an office room connected to a ground-coupled heat pump // Energies. 2016. Vol. 9. Issue 4. P. 228. DOI: 10.3390/en9040228</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sarbu I., Sebarchievici C. Performance evaluation of radiator and radiant floor heating systems for an office room connected to a ground-coupled heat pump. Energies. 2016; 9(4):228. DOI: 10.3390/en9040228</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Livonen M. The guid to radiators for low temperature heating. Zonhoven. Belgium : Radson, 2012. 85 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Livonen M. The Guid to Radiators for Low Temperature Heating. Zonhoven. Belgium, Radson, 2012; 85.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Persson T. Lågtemperaturvärmesystem: En kunskapsöversikt. Falun, Sweden : Högskolan Dalarna, 2000. 103 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Persson T. Lågtemperaturvärmesystem: En kunskapsöversikt. Falun, Sweden, Högskolan Dalarna, 2000; 103.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Myhren J.A., Holmberg S. Design considerations with ventilation-radiators: Comparisons to traditional two-panel radiators // Energy and Buildings. 2009. Vol. 41. Issue 1. Рр. 92–100. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2008.07.014</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Myhren J.A., Holmberg S. Design considerations with ventilation-radiators: Comparisons to traditional two-panel radiators. Energy and Buildings. 2009; 41(1):92-100. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2008.07.014</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Olesen B.W., de Carli M. Calculation of the yearly energy performance of heating systems based on the European Building Energy Directive and related CEN standards // Energy and Buildings. 2011. Vol. 43. Issue 5. Рр. 1040–1050. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.10.009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Olesen B.W., de Carli M. Calculation of the yearly energy performance of heating systems based on the European Building Energy Directive and related CEN standards. Energy and Buildings. 2011; 43(5):1040-1050. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.10.009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Casasso A., Capodaglio P., Simonetto F., Sethi R. Environmental and economic benefits from the phase-out of residential oil heating: a study from the Aosta valley region (Italy) // Sustainability. 2019. Vol. 11. Issue 13. P. 3633. DOI: 10.3390/su11133633</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Casasso A., Capodaglio P., Simonetto F., Sethi R. Environmental and economic benefits from the phase-out of residential oil heating: a study from the Aosta Valley Region (Italy). Sustainability. 2019; 11(13):3633. DOI: 10.3390/su11133633</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ravina M., Gamberini C., Casasso A., Panepinto D. Environmental and health impacts of Domestic Hot Water (DHW) boilers in urban areas: a case study from Turin, NW Italy // International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020. Vol. 17. Issue 2. P. 595. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17020595</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ravina M., Gamberini C., Casasso A., Panepinto D. Environmental and health impacts of Domestic Hot Water (DHW) boilers in urban areas: a case study from Turin, NW Italy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(2):595. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17020595</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Торопов А.Л. Исследование работы газовых клапанов конвекционных котлов малой мощности // АВОК: Вентиляция, отопление, кондиционирование воздуха, теплоснабжение и строительная теплофизика. 2020. № 3. С. 58–71. EDN VZQWKW.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Toropov A.L. Analysis of operation of gas valves of low-power convection boilers. ABOK. 2020; 3:58-71. EDN VZQWKW. (rus.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хаванов П.А. Атмосферные газовые горелки автономных генераторов // АВОК. 2003. № 1. C. 54.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Havanov P.A. Atmospheric gas burners of autonomous heat generators. ABOK. 2003; 1:54. (rus.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Торопов А.Л. Гидравлическая и тепловая устойчивость работы автономных систем поквартирного теплоснабжения // Вестник МГСУ. 2022. Т. 17. № 7. С. 944–953. DOI: 10.22227/1997-0935.2022.7.944-953</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Toropov A.L. Hydraulic and thermal stability of independent systems of apartment heating. Vestnik MGSU [Monthly Journal on Construction and Architecture]. 2022; 17(7):944-953. DOI: 10.22227/1997-0935.2022.7.944-953 (rus.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Наумов Н.Р., Марьяндышев П.А., Попов А.Н., Любов В.К. Исследование работы газовых котлов малой мощности // Вестник Череповецкого государственного университета. 2017. № 4 (79). С. 27–33. DOI: 10.23859/1994-0637-2017-4-79-4. EDN ZCDJEB.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Naumov N.R., Maryandyshev P.A., Popov A.N., Lyubov V.K. Study on gas boilers of low capacities. Cherepovets State University Bulletin. 2017; 4(79):27-33. DOI: 10.23859/1994-0637-2017-4-79-4. EDN ZCDJEB. (rus.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хаванов П.А., Чуленев А.С. Климатические параметры и эффективность конденсационных котлов // АВОК. 2016. № 3. C. 56–63. EDN VRANFD.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Havanov P.A., Chulenev A.S. Climatic parameters and efficiency of condensation boilers. ABOK. 2016; 3:56-63. EDN VRANFD. (rus.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хаванов П.А., Чуленев А.С. Результаты испытаний конденсационного котла при различных режимах эксплуатации // Научное обозрение. 2015. № 10–1. С. 45–49. EDN UHPQER.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Havanov P.A., Chulenev A.S. Results of condensing boiler tests under different operational regimes. Scientific Review. 2015; 10-1:45-49. EDN UHPQER. (rus.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Табунщиков Ю.А. Конденсационные котлы в автономном теплоснабжении // АВОК: Вентиляция, отопление, кондиционирование воздуха, теплоснабжение и строительная теплофизика. 2016. № 4. С. 26–31. EDN WANDZV.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tabunshchikov Y.A. Condensing boilers in autonomous heat supply. ABOK. 2016; 4:26-31. EDN WANDZV. (rus.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bonaros V., Gelegenis J., Haris D., Giannakidis G., Zeryas K. Analysis of the energy and cost savings caused by using condensing boilers for heating dwellings in Greece // 5th International Conference on Applied Energy ICAE2013. 2013. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.2731.4406</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bonaros V., Gelegenis J., Haris D., Giannakidis G., Zeryas K. Analysis of the energy and cost savings caused by using condensing boilers for heating dwellings in Greece. 5th International Conference on Applied Energy ICAE2013. 2013. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.2731.4406</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aksenov A.K., Kosorukov D.P. Application of condensation economizers in order to increase the energy efficiency of gas boilers of a traditional type // International Multi-Conference on Industrial Engineering and Modern Technologies (FarEastCon). 2020. Рр. 1–4. DOI: 10.1109/fareastcon50210.2020.9271452</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aksenov A.K., Kosorukov D.P. Application of condensation economizers in order to increase the energy efficiency of gas boilers of a traditional type. International Multi-Conference on Industrial Engineering and Modern Technologies (FarEastCon). 2020; 1-4. DOI: 10.1109/fareastcon50210.2020.9271452</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leonzio G., Fennell P.S., Shah N. Air-source heat pumps for water heating at a high temperature: State of the art // Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments. 2022. Vol. 54. P. 102866. DOI: 10.1016/j.seta. 2022.102866</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leonzio G., Fennell P.S., Shah N. Air-source heat pumps for water heating at a high temperature: State of the art. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments. 2022; 54:102866. DOI: 10.1016/j.seta.2022.102866</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tabatabaei S.A., Treur J. Comparative Analysis of the Efficiency of Air Source Heat Pumps in Different Climatic Areas of Iran // Procedia Environmental Sciences. 2016. Vol. 34. Рр. 547–558. DOI: 10.1016/j.proenv.2016.04.048</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tabatabaei S.A., Treur J. Comparative analysis of the efficiency of air source heat pumps in different climatic areas of Iran. Procedia Environmental Sciences. 2016; 34:547-558. DOI: 10.1016/j.proenv.2016.04.048</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xu Y., Huang Y., Jiang N., Song M., Xie X., Xu X. Experimental and theoretical study on an air-source heat pump water heater for northern China in cold winter: Effects of environment temperature and switch of operating modes // Energy and Buildings. 2019. Vol. 191. Рр. 164–173. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.03.028</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xu Y., Huang Y., Jiang N., Song M., Xie X., Xu X. Experimental and theoretical study on an air-source heat pump water heater for northern China in cold winter: Effects of environment temperature and switch of operating modes. Energy and Buildings. 2019; 191:164-173. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.03.028</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kul O., Ugural M.N. Comparative economic and experimental assessment of air source heat pump and gas-fired boiler: a case study from Turkey // Sustainability. 2022. Vol. 14. Issue 21. P. 14298. DOI: 10.3390/su142114298</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kul O., Ugural M.N. Comparative economic and experimental assessment of air source heat pump and gas-fired boiler: a case study from Turkey. Sustainability. 2022; 14(21):14298. DOI: 10.3390/su142114298</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pieper H., Krupenski I., Markussen W.B., Ommen T., Siirde A., Volkova A. Method of linear approximation of COP for heat pumps and chillers based on thermodynamic modelling and off-design operation // Energy. 2021. Vol. 230. P. 120743. DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2021.120743</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pieper H., Krupenski I., Markussen W.B., Ommen T., Siirde A., Volkova A. Method of linear approximation of COP for heat pumps and chillers based on thermodynamic modelling and off-design operation. Energy. 2021; 230:120743. DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2021.120743</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Колечкина А.Ю., Захаров А.В. Повышение энергоэффективности зданий за счет использования систем горизонтальных теплообменников // Construc-tion and Geotechnics. 2016. Т. 7. № 1. C. 112–122. DOI: 10.15593/2224-9826/2016.1.13</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kolechkina A.Yu., Zaharov A.V. Increasing the energy efficiency of buildings through the use of ho-rizontal heat exchanger systems. Construction and Geotechnics. 2016; 7(1):112-122. DOI: 10.15593/2224-9826/2016.1.13 (rus.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чичерин С.В. Место теплоснабжения в современном городе // Вестник Пермского национального исследовательского политехнического университета. Строительство и архитектура. 2018. Т. 9. № 3. С. 79–87. DOI: 10.15593/2224-9826/2018.3.08. EDN YKKDLF.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chicherin S.V. District heating for a urban sustainable future. Construction and Geotechnics. 2018; 9(3):79-87. DOI: 10.15593/2224-9826/2018.3.08. EDN YKKDLF. (rus.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pollard A., Berg B. Heat pump performance. Jungeford, New Zealand : BRANZ Ltd, 2018. 24 p. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.25116.13449</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pollard A., Berg B. Heat pump performance. Jungeford, New Zealand, BRANZ Ltd, 2018; 24. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.25116.13449</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rossi di Schio E., Ballerini V., Dongellini M., Valdiserri P. Defrosting of air-source heat pumps: effect of real temperature data on seasonal energy performance for different locations in Italy // Applied Sciences. 2021. Vol. 11. Issue 17. P. 8003. DOI: 10.3390/app11178003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rossi di Schio E., Ballerini V., Dongellini M., Valdiserri P. Defrosting of air-source heat pumps: effect of real temperature data on seasonal energy performance for different locations in Italy. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(17):8003. DOI: 10.3390/app11178003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ruhnau O., Hirth L., Praktiknjo A. Time series of heat demand and heat pump efficiency for energy system modeling // Scientific Data. 2019. Vol. 6. Issue 1. DOI: 10.1038/s41597-019-0199-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ruhnau O., Hirth L., Praktiknjo A. Time series of heat demand and heat pump efficiency for energy system modeling. Scientific Data. 2019; 6(1). DOI: 10.1038/s41597-019-0199-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Myhren J.A., Holmberg S. Design considerations with ventilation-radiators: Comparisons to traditional two-panel radiators // Energy and Buildings. 2009. Vol. 41. Issue 1. Рр. 92–100. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2008.07.014</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Myhren J.A., Holmberg S. Design considerations with ventilation-radiators: Comparisons to traditional two-panel radiators. Energy and Buildings. 2009; 41(1):92-100. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2008.07.014</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Olesen B.W., de Carli M. Calculation of the yearly energy performance of heating systems based on the European Building Energy Directive and related CEN standards // Nergy and Buildings. 2011. Vol. 43. Issue 5. Рр. 1040–1050. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.10.009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Olesen B.W., de Carli M. Calculation of the yearly energy performance of heating systems based on the European Building Energy Directive and related CEN standards. Energy and Buildings. 2011; 43(5):1040-1050. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.10.009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Торопов А.Л. Применение электрических котлов для водяного поквартирного теплоснабжения // Вестник МГСУ. 2023. Т. 18. № 9. C. 1451–1465. DOI: 10.22227/1997-0935.2023.9.1451-1465</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Toropov A.L. Application of electric boilers for water apartment heat supply. Vestnik MGSU [Monthly Journal on Construction and Architecture]. 023; 18(9):1451-1465. DOI: 10.22227/1997-0935.2023.9.1451-1465 (rus.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Торопов А.Л. Энергетическая эффективность электрического котла с косвенным поверхностным резисторным нагревом теплоносителя // Вестник МГСУ. 2023. Т. 18. № 6. С. 927–934. DOI: 10.22227/1997-0935.2023.6.927-934</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Toropov A.L. Energy efficiency of an electric boiler with indirect surface resistive heating of the heat carrier. Vestnik MGSU [Monthly Journal on Construction and Architecture]. 2023; 18(6):927-934. DOI: 10.22227/19970935.2023.6.927-934 (rus.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пузырев Е.В. Детерминированный и стохастический подходы в расчетах и анализе потерь электрической энергии при оценке эффективности функционирования распределительных сетей : автореф. дис. … канд. техн. наук. Красноярск, 2019. 20 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Puzyrev E.V. Deterministic and stochastic approaches in calculations and analysis of electrical energy losses when assessing the efficiency of distribution networks : abstract of thesis for the degree of candidate of technical sciences. Krasnoyarsk, 2019; 20. (rus.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Прокопова Л.В., Волков Ю.В. Экологические проблемы при производстве электрической и тепловой энергии : практикум. СПб., 2019. 101 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prokopova L.V., Volkov Yu.V. Environmental problems in the production of electrical and thermal energy : workshop. St. Petersburg, 2019; 101. (rus.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
