<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mgssuvest</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник МГСУ</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vestnik MGSU</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1997-0935</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2304-6600</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (National Research University) (MGSU)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22227/1997-0935.2025.10.1577-1595</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mgssuvest-756</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Инженерные системы в строительстве</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Engineering systems in construction</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Термогравитационная вентиляция жилых зданий</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Thermogravitational ventilation system for residential buildings</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2471-5065</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гиясов</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Giyazov</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Адхам Иминжанович Гиясов — доктор технических наук, профессор</p><p>129337, г. Москва, Ярославское шоссе, д. 26</p><p>РИНЦ AuthorID: 979847, Scopus: 57202817395, ResearcherID: T-8804-2018</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Adham I. Giyazov — Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor</p><p>26 Yaroslavskoe shosse, Moscow, 129337</p><p>RSCI AuthorID: 979847, Scopus: 57202817395, ResearcherID: T-8804-2018</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">adham52@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский Московский государственный строительный университет (НИУ МГСУ)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (National Research University) (MGSU)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>10</issue><fpage>1577</fpage><lpage>1595</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Гиясов А.И., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гиясов А.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Giyazov A.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vestnikmgsu.ru/jour/article/view/756">https://www.vestnikmgsu.ru/jour/article/view/756</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Рассматриваются концептуальные основы модели системы термогравитационной вентиляции жилых зданий, основанные на исследовании зданий с низкими потребностями в вентиляции в климатических условиях, где температурные различия между внутренним и внешним воздухом значительны. Исследуется гравитационная вентиляция в контексте термического режима стен при инсоляции фасадов зданий, возводимых в регионах с доминированием высокого уровня солнечного теплового потока.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Для анализа и мониторинга светоинсоляционного и ветрового режимов территорий стран с продолжительным теплым периодом использован метод, основанный на базе данных гидрометеорологических справочников. Процесс естественной вентиляции изучен с помощью методов солнечно-инсоляционного анализа конструктивной оболочки зданий в программе Revit, а также на основе натурных исследований инсоляционного и термического режимов этой оболочки.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Разработано теоретическое положение термогравитационной вентиляции зданий для регионов с продолжительным теплым периодом. Составлена физико-математическая модель системы термогравитационной вентиляции, описывающая естественный процесс циркуляции воздуха в помещениях, основанный на разнице плотностей воздуха внутри и снаружи здания. Изучен механизм естественной аэрации квартир в зданиях с использованием комплексного подхода, включающего натурные экспериментальные исследования, математическое моделирование микроклиматических и теплофизических процессов, а также применение программного обеспечения и тепловизионного обследования.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Разработанное теоретическое положение термогравитационной вентиляции зданий для регионов с продолжительным теплым периодом позволило сформулировать физико-математическую модель системы термогравитационной вентиляции зданий, описывающую естественный процесс циркуляции воздуха в помещениях, основанный на разнице плотностей воздуха внутри и снаружи здания. В целом термогравитационная вентиляция является эффективным и экологически чистым решением для обеспечения естественного воздухообмена, поддерживая комфортный воздушный режим в зданиях, особенно в условиях маловетреной погоды и штилей.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The article discusses the conceptual foundations of the model of a thermogravitational ventilation system for residential buildings, based on the study of buildings with low ventilation needs in climate conditions where the temperature difference between indoor and outdoor air is great. Gravity ventilation is considered in the context of the thermal regime of walls in the course of insolation of building facades erected in regions with predominantly high solar heat fluxes.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. A method involving a database of hydrometeorological reference books was used to analyse and monitor the sunlight and wind regime in the countries with extended warm seasons. The process of natural ventilation was studied in the Revit program using methods of sunlight analysis of structural shells of buildings; field studies of insolation and thermal regimes were also employed.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. A theoretical proposition was developed for the thermogravitational ventilation of buildings in areas featuring long warm seasons. A physical and mathematical model of a thermogravitational ventilation system was devised; it describes a natural process of indoor air circulation based on a difference in the air density inside and outside buildings. An integrated approach was applied to study the mechanism of natural aeration of apartments; full-scale experimental studies were conducted; mathematical models of microclimate and thermophysical processes were developed; software and thermal imaging surveys were employed.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. The author’s theoretical proposition, developed for thermogravitational ventilation in buildings erected in areas with long warm seasons, enables researchers to devise a physical and mathematical model of a thermogravitational ventilation system of buildings, describing the natural process of indoor air circulation based on a difference in indoor and outdoor air density. In general, thermogravitational ventilation is an effective and environmentally friendly solution for natural air exchange, because it maintains a comfortable indoor air regime, especially in low-wind and calm environments.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>термогравитационная вентиляция</kwd><kwd>здания</kwd><kwd>помещения</kwd><kwd>термический режим</kwd><kwd>температура</kwd><kwd>микроклимат</kwd><kwd>теплофизика</kwd><kwd>инсоляция</kwd><kwd>конструктивная оболочка</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>thermogravitational ventilation</kwd><kwd>buildings</kwd><kwd>premises</kwd><kwd>thermal regime</kwd><kwd>temperature</kwd><kwd>microclimate</kwd><kwd>thermal physics</kwd><kwd>insolation</kwd><kwd>structural shell</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в соответствии с планом научно-исследовательских работ кафедры архитектурно- строительного проектирования и физики среды Национального исследовательского Московского государственного строительного университета по проблеме «Функция, конструкция и среда в архитектуре зданий и городов» в аспекте «Энергосбережение и повышение энергетической эффективности зданий».</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This project was implemented in compliance with the research plan of Department of Architectural and Civil Engineering Design and Environmental Physics of the National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering; it focuses on research in the function, design, and environment in the architecture of buildings and cities in the context of energy saving and improving the energy efficiency of buildings.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Эльтерман В.М. Вентиляция химических производств. М. : Книга по Требованию, 2021. 284 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elterman V.M. Ventilation of food products. Moscow, Book on Demand, 2021; 284. (rus.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Табунщиков Ю.А., Бродач М.М., Шилкин Н.В. Энергоэффективные здания. М. : АВОК-пресс, 2015. 193 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tabunshchikov Yu.A., Brodach M.M., Shil-kin N.V. Energy-efficient buildings. Moscow, AVOK-press, 2015; 193. (rus.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гиясов А.И., Мирзоев С.М., Абдулрахман К. Моделирование тепло-ветровых процессов пристенного слоя ограждающих конструкций зданий при инсоляции // Вестник МГСУ. 2022. Т. 17. № 3. С. 285–297. DOI: 10.22227/1997-0935.2022.3.285-297. EDN ICZMOO.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Giyazov A.I., Mirzoev S.M., Abdulrahman K. Modeling thermal and wind processes in the near-wall layer of building envelopes subjected to insolation. Vestnik MGSU [Monthly Journal on Construction and Architecture]. 2022; 17(3):285-297. DOI: 10.22227/1997-0935.2022.3.285-297. EDN ICZMOO. (rus.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Голенков А.В. Проблемы использования естественной вентиляции в жилых домах // Инновации в строительстве – 2022 : мат. Междунар. науч.-практ. конф. 2022. С. 108–109. EDN EUYNQJ.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Golenkov A.V. Problems of using natural ventilation in residential buildings. Innovations in construction – 2022 : proceedings of the international scientific and practical conference. 2022; 108-109. EDN EUYNQJ.  (rus.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Giyasov A.I., Mirzoev S.M. Innovative facade systems for buildings in hot climate conditions // E3S Web of Conferences. 2021. Vol. 263. P. 04009. DOI: 10.1051/e3sconf/202126304009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Giyasov A.I., Mirzoev S.M. Innovative facade systems for buildings in hot climate conditions. E3S Web of Conferences. 2021; 263:04009. DOI: 10.1051/e3sconf/202126304009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maher D., Hana A., Arjmand J.T., Issakhov A., Sammouda H., Sheremet M. et al. Effect of inlet/outlet on thermal performance of naturally ventilated building // International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies. 2021. Vol. 16. Issue 4. Pp. 1348–1362. DOI: 10.1093/ijlct/ctab055</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maher D., Hana A., Arjmand J.T., Issakhov A., Sammouda H., Sheremet M. et al. Effect of inlet/outlet on thermal performance of naturally ventilated building. International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies. 2021; 16(4):1348-1362. DOI: 10.1093/ijlct/ctab055</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Таймасов С.Р. Система вентиляции жилого дома // Дневник науки. 2023. № 1 (73). EDN IZYVCI.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Taymasov S.R. Residential house ventilation system. Science Diary. 2023; 1(73). EDN IZYVCI. (rus.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhangabay N., Giyasov A., Ibraimova U., Tursunkululy T., Kolesnikov A. Construction and climatic certification of an area as a prerequisite for development of energy-efficient buildings and their external wall constructions // Construction Materials and Products. 2024. Vol. 7. Issue 5. DOI: 10.58224/2618-7183-2024-7-5-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhangabay N., Giyasov A., Ibraimova U., Tursunkululy T., Kolesnikov A. Construction and climatic certification of an area as a prerequisite for development of energy-efficient buildings and their external wall constructions. Construction Materials and Products. 2024; 7(5). DOI: 10.58224/2618-7183-2024-7-5-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rezaeiha A., Montazeri H., Blocken B. On the accuracy of turbulence models for CFD simulations of vertical axis wind turbines // Energy. 2019. Vol. 180. Pp. 838–857. DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2019.05.053</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rezaeiha A., Montazeri H., Blocken B. On the accuracy of turbulence models for CFD simulations of vertical axis wind turbines. Energy. 2019; 180:838-857. DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2019.05.053</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Awbi H.B., Hatton A. Natural convection from heated room surfaces // Energy and Buildings. 1999. Vol. 30. Issue 3. Pp. 233–244. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-7788(99)00004-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Awbi H.B., Hatton A. Natural convection from heated room surfaces. Energy and Buildings. 1999; 30(3):233-244. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-7788(99)00004-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гиясов А.И., Мирзоев С.М. Модель тепло-ветрового режима наружных стен зданий с жалюзийным солнцезащитным устройством // Строительство и реконструкция. 2024. № 1 (111). C. 3–13. DOI: 10.33979/2073-7416-2024-111-1-3-13. EDN PPVLEY.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Giyasov A.I., Mirzoev S.M. Model of heat-wind regime of building walls with lout sun protection device. Building and Reconstruction. 2024; 1(111):3-13. DOI: 10.33979/2073-7416-2024-111-1-3-13. EDN PPVLEY. (rus.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Федоров В.В., Федоров М.В., Левиков А.В., Ханыгин Д.А. Оптимизация воздушно-теплового режима реконструируемых зданий // Вестник Тверского государственного технического университета. Серия: Строительство. Электротехника и химические технологии. 2020. № 1 (5). С. 38–44. EDN JFCJFT.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fedorov V.V., Fedorov M.V., Levikov A.V., Hanygin D.A. Optimization of the air-heating mode reconstructed buildings. Bulletin of Tver State Technical University. Series: Construction. Electrical engineering and chemical technologies. 2020; 1(5):38-44. EDN JFCJFT. (rus.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Клеверова В., Бакиржанкызы А. Теплообмен при свободной конвекции // Global Science and Innovations: Central Asia. 2021. Т. 7. № 1 (12). С. 111–115. EDN UNLHGX.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klewerova V., Bakirzhankyzy A. Heat transfer during free convection. Global Science and Innovations: Central Asia. 2021; 7(1):(12):111-115. EDN UNLHGX. (rus.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhangabay N., Bakhbergen S., Aldiyarov Zh., Tursunkululy T., Kolesnikov A. Analysis of thermal efficiency of external fencing made of innovative ceramic blocks // Construction Materials and Products. 2024. Vol. 7. Issue 3. DOI: 10.58224/2618-7183-2024-7-3-1. EDN ICGQRW.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhangabay N., Bakhbergen S., Aldiyarov Zh., Tursunkululy T., Kolesnikov A. Analysis of thermal efficiency of external fencing made of innovative ceramic blocks. Construction Materials and Products. 2024; 7(3). DOI: 10.58224/2618-7183-2024-7-3-1. EDN ICGQRW.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бодров М.В., Кузин В.Ю., Прыткова Е.М., Юланова А.Ф. О факторах эффективной работы систем естественной вентиляции // Жилищное строительство. 2022. № 1–2. С. 3–8. DOI: 10.31659/0044-4472-2022-1-2-3-8. EDN WBCKAK.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bodrov M.V., Kuzin V.Y., Prytkova E.M., Yulanova A.F. On the factors of effective operation of natural ventilation systems. Housing Construction. 2022; 1-2:3-8. DOI: 10.31659/0044-4472-2022-1-2-3-8.  EDN WBCKAK. (rus.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рымаров А.Г., Хаванов П.А., Титков Д.Г. Основы формирования локальных температурных зон в помещении // АВОК: Вентиляция, отопление, кондиционирование воздуха, теплоснабжение и строительная теплофизика. 2021. № 1. С. 54–63. EDN CZSMHQ.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rymarov A.G., Khavanov P.A., Titkov D.G. Fundamentals of the formation of local temperature zones in a room. AVOK. 2021; 1:54-63. EDN CZSMHQ. (rus.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mingotti N., Chenvidyakarn T., Woods A.W. The fluid mechanics of the natural ventilation of a narrow-cavity double-skin façade // Building and Environment. 2011. Vol. 46. Issue 4. Pр. 807–823. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.09.015</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mingotti N., Chenvidyakarn T., Woods A.W. The fluid mechanics of the natural ventilation of a narrow-cavity double-skin façade. Building and Environment. 2011; 46(4):807-823. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.09.015</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Береговой А.М., Шурыгин И.С. Мероприятия по тепловой защите зданий и энергосбережение в системе естественной вентиляции помещений // Вестник ПГУАС: Строительство, наука и образование. 2023. № 2 (17). С. 4–8. EDN LHPHIR.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beregovoy A.M., Shurygin I.S. Measures for thermal protection of buildings and energy saving in the system of natural ventilation of rooms. PGUAS Bulletin: construction, science and education. 2023; 2(17):4-8. EDN LHPHIR. (rus.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фам Тхи Хонг Тхам, Соловьев А.К., Кор-неев С.С. A field study on effects of openings on thermal performance of natural cooling efficiency for atrium buildings // Вестник МГСУ. 2022. Т. 17. № 2. С. 149–158. DOI: 10.22227/1997-0935.2022.2.149-158</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hong-Tham T. Pham, Solovyev A.K., Korneev S.S. А field study on effects of openings on thermal performance of natural cooling efficiency for atrium buildings. Vestnik MGSU [Monthly Journal on Construction and s Architecture]. 2022; 17(2):149-158. DOI: 10.22227/1997-0935.2022.2.149-158 (rus.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Клявлин М.С., Халфина Д.А., Клявлина Я.М., Талипов Р.А. Проектирование систем вентиляции зданий с учетом влияния воздухопроницаемости ограждающих конструкций // Электронный научный журнал Нефтегазовое дело. 2020. № 2. С. 26–38. DOI: 10.17122/ogbus-2020-2-26-38. EDN OFNVZR.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klyavlin M.S., Khalfina D.A., Klyavlina Ya.M., Talipov R.A. Design of building ventilation systems taking into account the influence of air permeability of fencing constructions. Oil and Gas Business. 2020; 2:26-38. DOI: 10.17122/ogbus-2020-2-26-38. EDN OFNVZR. (rus.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шилкин Н.В., Бродач М.М., Шонина Н.А. Регулируемые приточные устройства в квартирах многоэтажных жилых зданий // АВОК: Вентиляция, отопление, кондиционирование воздуха, теплоснабжение и строительная теплофизика. 2022. № 7. С. 22–31. EDN PBYLSS.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shilkin N.V., Brodach M.M., Shonin N.A. Adjustable supply devices in apartments of multi-storey residential buildings. AVOK. 2022; 7:22-31. EDN PBYLSS. (rus.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nemova D.V., Kotov E.V., Daurov Z.S., Olshevskiy V.Ia. Energy Efficiency of Closed Cavity Fasades // Construction of Unique Buildings and Structures. 2020. Vol. 93. Issue 8. P. 9305. DOI: 10.18720/CUBS.93.5. EDN LOQOLU.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nemova D.V., Kotov E.V., Daurov Z.S., Olshevskiy V.Ia. Energy Efficiency of Closed Cavity Fasades. Construction of Unique Buildings and Structures. 2020; 93(8):9305. DOI: 10.18720/CUBS.93.5. EDN LOQOLU.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шилкин Н.В., Бродач М.М. Проветривание квартир: архитектурно-планировочные решения и выбор оптимального режима // АВОК: Вентиляция, отопление, кондиционирование воздуха, теплоснабжение и строительная теплофизика. 2022. № 2. С. 34–39. EDN OYDPJC.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shilkin N.V., Brodach M.M. Ventilation of apartments: architectural and planning solutions and selection of the optimal mode. AVOK. 2022; 2:34-39. EDN OYDPJC. (rus.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Al-Dumaini O.A.H.Sh., Velichkin V.A. Development of a mathematical model for testing the natural ventilation: a case study for the yemeni residents // Ingineering Journal of Don. 2024. Nо. 6 (114). Pp. 595–605. EDN DTBOEW.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Al-Dumaini O.A.H.Sh., Velichkin V.A. Development of a mathematical model for testing the natural ventilation: a case study for the yemeni residents. Ingineering Journal of Don. 2024; 6(114):595-605. EDN  DTBOEW.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Реттер Э.И. Архитектурно-строительная аэродинамика. М. : Стройиздат, 1984. 294 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Retter E.I. Architectural and construction aerodynamics. Moscow, Stroyizdat, 1984; 294. (rus.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
