<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mgssuvest</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник МГСУ</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vestnik MGSU</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1997-0935</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2304-6600</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (National Research University) (MGSU)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22227/1997-0935.2026.1.84-94</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mgssuvest-844</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Строительное материаловедение</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Construction material engineering</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Механические характеристики и водопоглощение сжатых грунтовых кирпичей, стабилизированных малыми дозами извести и цемента</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Mechanical performance and water absorption in compressed earth bricks stabilized with small doses of lime and cement</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3764-1022</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Насрат</surname><given-names>Насратулла Абдул Гафур</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nasrat</surname><given-names>Nasratullah Abdul Ghafoor</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Насратулла Абдул Гафур Насрат — аспирант, кафедра технологии строительства и конструкционных материалов, Инженерная академия</p><p>117198, г. Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, д. 6</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nasratullah Abdul Ghafoor Nasrat — postgraduate student, Department of Construction Technology and Structural Materials, Engineering Academy</p><p>6 Miklukho-Maklaya st., Moscow, 117198</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nasratullahnasrat609@yahoo.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4323-9818</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Махади</surname><given-names>Мохаммед Ибрагим Абу</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mahadi</surname><given-names>Mohammed Ibrahim Abu</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мохаммед Ибрагим Абу Махади — кандидат технических наук, доцент, кафедра технологии строительства и конструкционных материалов, Инженерная академия</p><p>117198, г. Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, д. 6</p><p>Scopus: 57212344591, ResearcherID: AAI-2235-2021</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mohammed Ibrahim Abu Mahadi — Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Construction Technology and Structural Materials, Engineering Academy</p><p>6 Miklukho-Maklaya st., Moscow, 117198</p><p>Scopus: 57212344591, ResearcherID: AAI-2235-2021</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">abu-makhadi-mi@rudn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7562-5652</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Обейд</surname><given-names>Махмуд Абдельсалам Ареф</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Obeid</surname><given-names>Mahmoud Abdelsalam Aref</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Махмуд Абдельсалам Ареф Обейд — аспирант, кафедра технологии строительства и конструкционных материалов, Инженерная академия</p><p>117198, г. Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, д. 6</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mahmoud Abdelsalam Aref Obeid — postgraduate student, Department of Construction Technology and Structural Materials, Engineering Academy</p><p>6 Miklukho-Maklaya st., Moscow, 117198</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Mahmoud.obeid@yandix.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы (РУДН)<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN)<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>84</fpage><lpage>94</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Насрат Н., Махади М., Обейд М., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Насрат Н., Махади М., Обейд М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Nasrat N., Mahadi M., Obeid M.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vestnikmgsu.ru/jour/article/view/844">https://www.vestnikmgsu.ru/jour/article/view/844</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Сжатые стабилизированные грунтовые кирпичи (ССГК) представляют собой устойчивую альтернативу традиционному обожженному кирпичу, обеспечивая значительные экологические преимущества, такие как снижение энергопотребления и уменьшение выбросов углерода. ССГК изготавливаются путем смешивания грунта, песка, воды и стабилизирующей добавки, как правило, портландцемента, извести, золы-уноса, битума или их комбинации с последующим механическим уплотнением смеси в формах.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Изучены механические свойства (прочность на сжатие и прочность при изгибе) и водопоглощение ССГК, стабилизированных в малых дозировках: 2 % извести + 3 % цемента, 3 % извести + 4 % цемента, 4 % извести + 6 % цемента, 5 % цемента, 0 % стабилизатора (нестабилизированный образец). Экспериментальная программа включала оценку прочности на сжатие в сухом и увлажненном состоянии, прочности при изгибе, а также капиллярного и общего водопоглощения.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Увеличение содержания стабилизатора значительно повышает как прочность на сжатие, так и прочность при изгибе. При этом механические характеристики соответствуют требованиям стандартов для категорий A и B. Однако общее водопоглощение также возрастает с увеличением дозировки стабилизатора. Несмотря на это, зафиксированные значения водопоглощения остаются ниже максимальных пределов, установленных соответствующими стандартами.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. В целом результаты исследования демонстрируют, что применение небольших дозировок стабилизаторов позволяет ССГК обладать достаточным потенциалом в качестве устойчивого, эффективного и пригодного для практического применения строительного материала. Использование местных сырьевых ресурсов способствует существенному снижению стоимости строительства и минимизации негативного воздействия на окружающую среду по сравнению с традиционными обожженными кирпичами и бетонными блоками.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Compressed Stabilized Earth Bricks (CSEB) represent a sustainable alternative to conventional burnt clay bricks, offering significant environmental benefits such as reduced energy consumption and a lower carbon footprint. CSEB are manufactured by mixing soil, sand, water, and a stabilizer typically ordinary Portland cement, lime, fly ash, bitumen, or a combination thereof followed by mechanical compaction of the mixture in a mold.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and method</title><p>Materials and method. This study investigates the mechanical properties (compressive strength and flexural tensile strength) and water absorption behaviour of CSEB stabilized with low dosages of stabilizers: 2 % lime + 3 % cement, 3 % lime + 4 % cement, 4 % lime + 6 % cement, 5 % cement, and 0 % stabilizer (unstabilized). The experimental programme includes evaluation of compressive strength in both dry and wet states, flexural tensile strength, capillary water absorption, and total water absorption.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Results indicate that increasing the stabilizer content significantly enhances both compressive and flexural strength, and the mechanical properties were in the A and B CSEB categories of the standards requirements. However, total water absorption also increased with increasing stabilizer dosage. Despite this, the observed absorption values remained below the maximum limits specified in relevant standards.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. Overall, the research findings demonstrate that by using the low dosages of stabilizers, CSEB can have appropriate potential as a sustainable, beneficial, and applicable building material, where the use of locally sourced materials can consequentially reduce construction costs and minimize environmental impact compared to conventional fired clay bricks and concrete blocks.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ССГК</kwd><kwd>влияние стабилизаторов</kwd><kwd>тип и количество стабилизаторов</kwd><kwd>водопоглощение</kwd><kwd>прочность на сжатие</kwd><kwd>прочность при изгибе</kwd><kwd>грунты для ССГК</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>CSEB</kwd><kwd>effect of stabilizers</kwd><kwd>types and amounts of stabilizers</kwd><kwd>water absorption</kwd><kwd>compressive strength</kwd><kwd>flexural strength</kwd><kwd>soils for CSEB</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Авторы выражают искреннюю благодарность кафедре гражданского строительства инженерного факультета Кабульского политехнического университета за предоставление лабораторного оборудования, необходимого для проведения данного исследования.</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The authors express their sincere gratitude to the Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul Polytechnic University for providing the laboratory equipment necessary for this study.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bell F.G. Engineering Treatment of Soils. London, CRC Press, 1993; 320. DOI: 10.1201/97814-82288971</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bell F.G. Engineering Treatment of Soils. London, CRC Press, 1993; 320. DOI: 10.1201/97814-82288971</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kamal M.A. The Study of Thermal Mass as a Passive Design Technique for Building Comfort and Energy Efficiency. Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture. 2011; 5(1). DOI: 10.17265/1934-7359/2011.01.009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kamal M.A. The Study of Thermal Mass as a Passive Design Technique for Building Comfort and Energy Efficiency. Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture. 2011; 5(1). DOI: 10.17265/1934-7359/2011.01.009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kamal M.A. Analyzing the Potential of Compressed earth blocks as a feasible and sustainable building material. Architecture Engineering and Science. 2023; 4(2):62-71. DOI: 10.32629/aes.v4i2.1183</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kamal M.A. Analyzing the Potential of Compressed earth blocks as a feasible and sustainable building material. Architecture Engineering and Science. 2023; 4(2):62-71. DOI: 10.32629/aes.v4i2.1183</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Walker P.J. Strength, durability and shrinkage characteristics of cement stabilised soil blocks. Cement and Concrete Composites. 1995; 17(4):301-310. DOI: 10.1016/0958-9465(95)00019-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Walker P.J. Strength, durability and shrinkage characteristics of cement stabilised soil blocks. Cement and Concrete Composites. 1995; 17(4):301-310. DOI: 10.1016/0958-9465(95)00019-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nagaraj H.B., Sravan M.V., Arun T.G., Jagadish K.S. Role of lime with cement in long-term strength of Compressed stabilized Earth Blocks. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment. 2014; 3(1):54-61. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsbe.2014.03.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nagaraj H.B., Sravan M.V., Arun T.G., Jagadish K.S. Role of lime with cement in long-term strength of Compressed stabilized Earth Blocks. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment. 2014; 3(1):54-61. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsbe.2014.03.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Deboucha S., Hashim R. A review on bricks and stabilized compressed earth blocks. Scientific Research and Essays. 2011; 6(3).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Deboucha S., Hashim R. A review on bricks and stabilized compressed earth blocks. Scientific Research and Essays. 2011; 6(3).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bell F.G. Lime stabilization of clay minerals and soils. Engineering Geology. 1996; 42(4):223-237. DOI: 10.1016/0013-7952(96)00028-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bell F.G. Lime stabilization of clay minerals and soils. Engineering Geology. 1996; 42(4):223-237. DOI: 10.1016/0013-7952(96)00028-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Raheem A.A., Bello O.A., Makinde O.A. A comparative study of cement and lime stabilized lateritic interlocking blocks. The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology. 2010; 11(2):27-34.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Raheem A.A., Bello O.A., Makinde O.A. A comparative study of cement and lime stabilized lateritic interlocking blocks. The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology. 2010; 11(2):27-34.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alavéz-Ramíre R., Montes-García P., Martínez-Reyes J., Altamirano-Juárez D.C., Gochi-Ponce Y. The use of sugarcane bagasse ash and lime to improve the durability and mechanical properties of compacted soil blocks. Construction and Building Materials. 2012; 34:296-305. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.02.072</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alavéz-Ramíre R., Montes-García P., Martínez-Reyes J., Altamirano-Juárez D.C., Gochi-Ponce Y. The use of sugarcane bagasse ash and lime to improve the durability and mechanical properties of compacted soil blocks. Construction and Building Materials. 2012; 34:296-305. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.02.072</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khatib J.M., Ellis E.A. The influence of soil properties on compressive strength of stabilized earth blocks. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment. 2018; 7(1):140-151.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khatib J.M., Ellis E.A. The influence of soil properties on compressive strength of stabilized earth blocks. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment. 2018; 7(1):140-151.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Acosta L.A., Côté P. Effect of soil composition on the mechanical properties of compressed earth blocks. Construction and Building Materials. 2016; 113:246-253.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Acosta L.A., Côté P. Effect of soil composition on the mechanical properties of compressed earth blocks. Construction and Building Materials. 2016; 113:246-253.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rahman M.M., Rashiduzzaman M.M., Ak-hand F.Z., Kabir K.B. Compressed Stabilized Earth Block: A Green Alternative for Non-Load Bearing Building Block in Developing Countries Like Bangladesh. American Chemical Science Journal. 2016; 12(3):1-10. DOI: 10.9734/ACSJ/2016/23071</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rahman M.M., Rashiduzzaman M.M., Ak-hand F.Z., Kabir K.B. Compressed Stabilized Earth Block: A Green Alternative for Non-Load Bearing Building Block in Developing Countries Like Bangladesh. American Chemical Science Journal. 2016; 12(3):1-10. DOI: 10.9734/ACSJ/2016/23071</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bakar S.K.A., Abdullah A.H. Simulation of Thermal Performance in an Office Building. Business Engineering and Industrial Applications Colloquium. 2012; 318-323. DOI: 10.1109/BEIAC.2012.6226074</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bakar S.K.A., Abdullah A.H. Simulation of Thermal Performance in an Office Building. Business Engineering and Industrial Applications Colloquium. 2012; 318-323. DOI: 10.1109/BEIAC.2012.6226074</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abdullah A.H., Bakar S.K.A., Rahman I.A. Indoor thermal performance of an office building using conventional brick versus interlocking compressed earth brick (ICEB) wall. International Journal of Construction Technology and Management. 2013; 1(1):22-27.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abdullah A.H., Bakar S.K.A., Rahman I.A. Indoor thermal performance of an office building using conventional brick versus interlocking compressed earth brick (ICEB) wall. International Journal of Construction Technology and Management. 2013; 1(1):22-27.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Avizovas R., Baskutis S., Navickas V. Tamá-ndl L. Effect of Chemical Composition of Clay on Physical-Mechanical Properties of Clay Paving Blocks. Buildings. 2022; 12(7):943. DOI: 10.3390/buildings120-70943</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avizovas R., Baskutis S., Navickas V. Tamá-ndl L. Effect of Chemical Composition of Clay on Physical-Mechanical Properties of Clay Paving Blocks. Buildings. 2022; 12(7):943. DOI: 10.3390/buildings120-70943</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Narloch P.L., Woyciechowski P., Kotowski J., Gawriuczenkow I., Wojcik E. The effect of soil mineral composition on the compressive strength of cement stabilized rammed earth. Materials. 2020; 13(2):324. DOI: 10.3390/ma13020324</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Narloch P.L., Woyciechowski P., Kotowski J., Gawriuczenkow I., Wojcik E. The effect of soil mineral composition on the compressive strength of cement stabilized rammed earth. Materials. 2020; 13(2):324. DOI: 10.3390/ma13020324</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Riza F.V., Rahman I.A., Zaidi A.M.A. Preliminary study of compressed stabilized earth brick (CSEB). Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 2011; 5(9):6-12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Riza F.V., Rahman I.A., Zaidi A.M.A. Preliminary study of compressed stabilized earth brick (CSEB). Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 2011; 5(9):6-12.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beckett C.T.S., Jaquin P.A., Morel J.C. Weathering the storm: A framework to assess the resistance of earthen structures to water damage. Construction and Building Materials. 2020; 242:118098. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118098</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beckett C.T.S., Jaquin P.A., Morel J.C. Weathering the storm: A framework to assess the resistance of earthen structures to water damage. Construction and Building Materials. 2020; 242:118098. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118098</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Panagiotou R., Kyriakides M.A., Illampas R., Ioannou I. An experimental approach for the investigation of the performance of non-stabilized Compressed Earth Blocks (CEBs) against water-mediated weathering. Journal of Cultural Heritage. 2022; 57(2):184-193. DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2022.08.009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Panagiotou R., Kyriakides M.A., Illampas R., Ioannou I. An experimental approach for the investigation of the performance of non-stabilized Compressed Earth Blocks (CEBs) against water-mediated weathering. Journal of Cultural Heritage. 2022; 57(2):184-193. DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2022.08.009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Turco C., Paula Junior A., Jacinto C., Fernandes J., Teixeira E., Mateus R. Influence of Particle Size on Compressed Earth Blocks Properties and Strategies for Enhanced Performance. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(5):1779. DOI: 10.3390/app14051779</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Turco C., Paula Junior A., Jacinto C., Fernandes J., Teixeira E., Mateus R. Influence of Particle Size on Compressed Earth Blocks Properties and Strategies for Enhanced Performance. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(5):1779. DOI: 10.3390/app14051779</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
