Современная теория и практика технологии бетонов для 3D-печати в строительстве

Введение. Выполнен анализ научных трудов, посвященных разработке и исследованию строительных материалов, изделий и конструкций в технологии 3D-печати. Целью является выявление актуальных тенденций развития, текущих преимуществ и недостатков на основе анализа международного теоретического и практического опыта в изготовлении изделий и конструкций, достигаемых свойств материалов, используемых критериев качества и методов их оценки.

Материалы и методы. Использован комплекс общенаучных логических методов исследования, основанных на теоретическом анализе технологических решений, представленных в научно-технической литературе и средствах массовой информации, в том числе научных статьях, отчетах и материалах конференций.

Результаты. Ключевые вопросы, которые необходимо решать для развития 3D-печати, связаны с удобоукладываемостью смеси, деформацией и прочностью экструдированного слоя. Существует множество примеров составов чернил преимущественно тяжелого бетона для 3D-принтеров различного устройства. Усредненный состав такого бетона содержит по массе 25–45 % вяжущего вещества, 40–65 % заполнителя — кварцевый песок с размером зерна 2–4 мм и воду в количестве не более 15–35 %, а также минеральные добавки, пластификатор и армирующие волокна. Масштабное внедрение технологии требует разработки методик печати конструкций с учетом анизотропии их свойств в зависимости от направления печати.

Выводы. Показано, что в технологии 3D-печати сложным вопросом в реализации остается армирование конструкций. Для достижения максимальных механических свойств напечатанных конструкций требуется многокритериальная оптимизация, учитывающая реологические требования к смесям, особенности армирования и прочность сцепления слоев. Сложная оптимизация реологии бетонных смесей, особенно наполненных армирующими волокнами, дополняется факторами времени и меняющихся условий окружающей среды, которые на текущем этапе развития технологии игнорируются или принимаются как незначимые. Применение «умных» материалов в технологии послойного возведения строительных конструкций формирует пути для ее совершенствования.

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